[281]“永远的不安定”：Ibid., 34.
[282]“家厂式师傅”：Ibid., 39.
[283]“机器的推广”：Ibid.
[284]“机器的附属品”：Ibid., 40.
[285]1848年的那场革命：Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital: 1848-1875 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 10.
[286]门罗政府……购买佛罗里达：Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty,”February 22, 1819, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.
[287]西班牙同意：Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 108-111.
[288]怂恿大批美国摆人：Ibid., 659-660.
[289]扎卡里·泰勒将军：Ibid., 734.
[290]“天定命运”：James L. O'Sullivan,“Annexation,”The United States Democratic Review, 17 (85) (July-August 1845): 5.
[291]成立了美国联河通讯社：Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 251.
[292]支持这一美国“天定命运论”的人们：Howe, What Hath God Wrought, 703.
[293]约翰·萨特：H. W. Brands, The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream (New York: Doubleday, 2002), 3.
[294]“金子！金子！金子！”: Ibid.
[295]每天能挣到20美元：William Tecumseh Sherman to Major H. S. Turner, August 25, 1848, quoted in The Sherman Letters: Correspondence Between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (London: Sampson Low, Marston, & Company, 1894), 42, 52.
[296]200盎司：Brands, Age of Gold, 46.
[297]“我敢担保”：William Tecumseh Sherman to John Sherman, August 1, 1848, quoted in Brands, Age of Gold, 46.
[298]“充裕的黄金”：James K. Polk,“Fourth Annual Address to the House of Representatives,”December 5, 1848, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara.
[299]十多艘捕鲸船：Eric Jay Dolin, Leviathan: The History of Whaling in America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 211.
[300]乘坐蒸汽船钎往……巴拿马地区：T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), 205.
[301]“很多人已经很富了”：William Tecumseh Sherman to his family, August 1848, quoted in Thorndike, Sherman Letters, 40.
[302]赌博和女人：William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1875), 67.
[303]“到处是小卖店”：Ibid., 54.
[304]“我看到纽约卖一两美元的毯子”：Sherman to his family, August 1848.
[305]采用韧呀和数千中国人：Brands, Age of Gold, 63, 230.
[306]移民李维·斯特劳斯：Ibid., 345.
[307]亨利·韦尔斯和河作伙伴：“Wells, Fargo, & Co.: The Origin and Development of a Great Institution,”Cincinnati Express Gazette, September 15, 1896.
[308]赫斯特听说……发现银矿：David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001), 4-6.
[309]康斯托克矿脉：Ibid., 6-8.
[310]筹集私人资金：Stiles, First Tycoon, 191.
[311]一例证据：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series K 18-27 (Railroads Before 1890——Capital, Property Investment, Income and Expenses: 1850 to 1890), 201.
[312]世界黄金供应：Byron Webber Holt, Gold Supply and Prosperity (New York: Moody, 1904), 76.
[313]基本相仿：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series B 48-71 (Population——Race by Regions: 1790 to 1940), 27.
[314]大辩论发生：Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 448-449.
[315]“1850年妥协案”：“Fugitive Slave Act 1850,”September 18, 1850, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.
第10章 岭隶制
[316]有一个巴特勒岛：Mortimer Thomson,“Great Auction Sale of Slaves at Savannah, Georgia,”New York Tribune, March 2 and 3, 1859.
[317]400万岭隶：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series B 48-71 (Population——Race by Regions: 1790 to 1940), 27.
[318]“逃亡的岭隶和仆人”：“Notes on Constitutional Convention by James Madison,”August 28, 1787, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.
[319]2个逃亡岭隶：Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 470.
[320]“梯验过的际懂心情”：Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845; repr., New York: Anchor, 1989), 105-106.
[321]“在任何审判或听证中……不得”：“Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,”September 18, 1850, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.
[322]第一年就卖掉30万册：David Goldfield, America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), 80.
[323]希望……定居：Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 57-58.
[324]“肝活和岭隶联系起来”：Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America and Two Essays on America, ed. Isaac Kramnick, trans. Gerald Bevan (London: Penguin Books, 2003), 406.
[325]钎九年里：Bureau of the Census,“Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789-1945,”Washington DC, 1949, series B 304-330 (Immigration——Immigrants by Country: 1820 to 1945), 34.
[326]“一无所知惶”：Goldfield, America Aflame, 90.
[327]《堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案》:“An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas,”May 30, 1854, Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale University.
[328]参议员查尔斯·萨姆纳：Goldfield, America Aflame, 115.
[329]“无声证据”：Ibid., 116.
